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DBMS Schemas: Internal, Conceptual, External Database systems comprise of complex data structures. Thus, to make the system efficient for retrieval of data and reduce the complexity of the users, developers use the method of Data Abstraction. There are mainly three levels of data abstraction: Internal Level: Actual PHYSICAL storage structure and access paths. Conceptual or … Read more
What is Parallel Database Architecture? A Database Architecture is a representation of DBMS design. It helps to design, develop, implement, and maintain the database management system. A DBMS architecture allows dividing the database system into individual components that can be independently modified, changed, replaced, and altered. A Database stores critical information and helps access data quickly … Read more
Before the introduction to Database Management System (DBMS), let’s understand-
What is a Database?
A database is a collection of related data which represents some aspect of the real world. A database system is designed to be built and populated with data for a certain task.
What is DBMS?
Database Management System (DBMS) is a software for storing and retrieving users’ data while considering appropriate security measures. It consists of a group of programs which manipulate the database. The DBMS accepts the request for data from an application and instructs the operating system to provide the specific data. In large systems, a DBMS helps users and other third-party software to store and retrieve data.
DBMS allows users to create their own databases as per their requirement. The term “DBMS” includes the user of the database and other application programs. It provides an interface between the data and the software application.
Let us see a simple example of a university database. This database is maintaining information concerning students, courses, and grades in a university environment. The database is organized as five files:
The STUDENT file stores data of each student
The COURSE file stores contain data on each course.
The SECTION stores the information about sections in a particular course.
The GRADE file stores the grades which students receive in the various sections
The TUTOR file contains information about each professor.
To define a database system:
We need to specify the structure of the records of each file by defining the different types of data elements to be stored in each record.
We can also use a coding scheme to represent the values of a data item.
Basically, your Database will have 5 tables with a foreign key defined amongst the various tables.
History of DBMS
Here, are the important landmarks from the history:
1960 – Charles Bachman designed first DBMS system
1970 – Codd introduced IBM’S Information Management System (IMS)
1976- Peter Chen coined and defined the Entity-relationship model also know as the ER model
1980 – Relational Model becomes a widely accepted database component
1985- Object-oriented DBMS develops.
1990s- Incorporation of object-orientation in relational DBMS.
1991- Microsoft ships MS access, a personal DBMS and that displaces all other personal DBMS products.
1995: First Internet database applications
1997: XML applied to database processing. Many vendors begin to integrate XML into DBMS products.
Characteristics of Database Management System
Here are the characteristics and properties of Database Management System:
Provides security and removes redundancy
Self-describing nature of a database system
Insulation between programs and data abstraction
Support of multiple views of the data
Sharing of data and multiuser transaction processing
DBMS allows entities and relations among them to form tables.
It follows the ACID concept ( Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability).
DBMS supports multi-user environment that allows users to access and manipulate data in parallel.
DBMS vs. Flat File
DBMS
Flat File Management System
Multi-user access
It does not support multi-user access
Design to fulfill the need for small and large businesses
It is only limited to smaller DBMS system.
Remove redundancy and Integrity
Redundancy and Integrity issues
Expensive. But in the long term Total Cost of Ownership is cheap
It’s cheaper
Easy to implement complicated transactions
No support for complicated transactions
Users in a DBMS environment
Following, are the various category of users of a DBMS system
Component Name
Task
Application Programmers
The Application programmers write programs in various programming languages to interact with databases.
Database Administrators
Database Admin is responsible for managing the entire DBMS system. He/She is called Database admin or DBA.
End-Users
The end users are the people who interact with the database management system. They conduct various operations on database like retrieving, updating, deleting, etc.
Popular DBMS Software
Here, is the list of some popular DBMS system:
MySQL
Microsoft Access
Oracle
PostgreSQL
BASE
FoxPro
SQLite
IBM DB2
LibreOffice Base
MariaDB
Microsoft SQL Server etc.
Application of DBMS
Below are the popular applications of DBMS:
Sector
Use of DBMS
Banking
For customer information, account activities, payments, deposits, loans, etc.
Airlines
For reservations and schedule information.
Universities
For student information, course registrations, colleges and grades.
Telecommunication
It helps to keep call records, monthly bills, maintaining balances, etc.
Finance
For storing information about stock, sales, and purchases of financial instruments like stocks and bonds.
Sales
Use for storing customer, product & sales information.
Manufacturing
It is used for the management of supply chain and for tracking production of items. Inventories status in warehouses.
HR Management
For information about employees, salaries, payroll, deduction, generation of paychecks, etc.
Types of DBMS
Four Types of Database Management System are:
Hierarchical database
Network database
Relational database
Object-Oriented database
Hierarchical DBMS
In a Hierarchical database, model data is organized in a tree-like structure. Data is Stored Hierarchically (top down or bottom up) format. Data is represented using a parent-child relationship. In Hierarchical DBMS parent may have many children, but children have only one parent.
Network Model
The network database model allows each child to have multiple parents. It helps you to address the need to model more complex relationships like as the orders/parts many-to-many relationship. In this model, entities are organized in a graph which can be accessed through several paths.
Relational model
Relational DBMS is the most widely used DBMS model because it is one of the easiest. This model is based on normalizing data in the rows and columns of the tables. Relational model stored in fixed structures and manipulated using SQL.
Object-Oriented Model
In Object-oriented Model data stored in the form of objects. The structure which is called classes which display data within it. It defines a database as a collection of objects which stores both data members values and operations.
Advantages of DBMS
DBMS offers a variety of techniques to store & retrieve data
DBMS serves as an efficient handler to balance the needs of multiple applications using the same data
Uniform administration procedures for data
Application programmers never exposed to details of data representation and storage.
A DBMS uses various powerful functions to store and retrieve data efficiently.
Offers Data Integrity and Security
The DBMS implies integrity constraints to get a high level of protection against prohibited access to data.
A DBMS schedules concurrent access to the data in such a manner that only one user can access the same data at a time
Reduced Application Development Time
Disadvantage of DBMS
DBMS may offer plenty of advantages but, it has certain flaws-
Cost of Hardware and Software of a DBMS is quite high which increases the budget of your organization.
Most database management systems are often complex systems, so the training for users to use the DBMS is required.
In some organizations, all data is integrated into a single database which can be damaged because of electric failure or database is corrupted on the storage media
Use of the same program at a time by many users sometimes lead to the loss of some data.
DBMS can’t perform sophisticated calculations
When not to use a DBMS system?
Although, DBMS system is useful. It is still not suited for specific task mentioned below:
Not recommended when you do not have the budget or the expertise to operate a DBMS. In such cases, Excel/CSV/Flat Files could do just fine.
Summary
DBMS definition: A database is a collection of related data which represents some aspect of the real world
The full form of DBMS is Database Management System. DBMS stands for Database Management System is a software for storing and retrieving users’ data by considering appropriate security measures.
DBMS Provides security and removes redundancy
DBMS has many advantages over tradition Flat File management system
Some Characteristics of DBMS are Security, Self-describing nature, Insulation between programs and data abstraction, Support of multiple views of the data, etc.
End-Users, Application Programmers, and Database Administrators are they type of users who access a DBMS
DMBS is widely used in Banking, Airlines, Telecommunication, Finance and other industries
Four Types of DBMS systems are 1) Hierarchical 2) Network 3) Relational 4) Object-Oriented DBMS
DBMS serves as an efficient handler to balance the needs of multiple applications using the same data
Cost of Hardware and Software of a DBMS is quite high which increases the budget of your organization
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